ABSTRACT
The
Malay martial art of pencak silat is an importance source of traditional acting
technique. The aim of this
study was to investigate the winning and losing factors of silat olahraga women
Class B, C and D between Singapore, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and
Vietnam in Silat Olahraga during 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Five
(5) matches was selected, women semifinal Class B between Singapore and Laos,
women quarterfinal Class C between Singapore and Indonesia, women quarterfinal
Class D between Singapore and Thailand, women semifinal Class D between
Malaysia and Singapore and women final class D between Malaysia and Vietnam. The reason for this review was to decide the silat
diversion related statistic that separated between the winner and losing group
in 28th Sea Games Singapore 2015. The game statistic consists of punch, kick,
topple, block, block and kick, block and punch, block and sweep, fake kick,
fake punch, self-release, catch, dodge and others . Yet it will be classified
on the hit-target, hit-elsewhere and miss target (Shapie, M., Nizam,
Oliver, O'donoghue, & Tong, 2013) . The losing team makes less movement than the winning
team. Moreover, the winning team makes the much better movement during
competition. All the raw data collected from the all matches used the system
produced by Shapie, M. et al.
(2013).
The descriptive analysis was used to determine the difference performance
between the winner and loser in silat matches.
INTRODUCTION
Silat is a collective word for native’s martial arts
that originates from Indonesia. It is traditionally practiced in Southern
Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines and also Malaysia. Silat is a
combative art of Malay fighting arts. Silat can be divided into two categories
which are Silat Seni and Silat Olahraga (Farrer, 2009). Since the beginning of
the 18th century till today, many silat practitioners still involve themselves
in the kickboxing or Muay Thai competition because the movements and principles
are quite similar to silat. There are exist of fundamental charges, times for
each match, target district to ambush the adversary and the scoring point for
each of the range that attacked (Aziz, Tan, and Teh, 2002). In September 1979,
Jakarta was the host of fourteenth SEA Games. At the point when the SEA
amusements were held, Indonesian Pencak Silat Federation (IPSA) introduced
Pencak Silat Olahraga (known as Silat Olahraga). They have been sorted out the
guidelines since 1973.
The uniqueness of Silat Olahraga is the rule. In the
rule, there are exist of basic commands, time for each match, target area to
attack the opponent, and the scoring point for each of the area that attacked.
For the basic commands, the ‘wasit’ which is referee will issue the command
'Sedia', meaning 'ready'. Then, he will shout 'Mulai', meaning 'begin'.
Immediately the 'gong' will be struck. When the wasit wants to stop the fight,
he will shout 'Berhenti', meaning 'stop'. Every time the fighters step out of
the ring, the wasit will stop the fight and bring the fighters back to the
center. If a fighter repeatedly steps outside the ring, especially if stepping
backwards, the wasit may issue a penalty point. If pesilat continues to do that
he may be given 2 penalty points. If pesilat still continues to step out of the
ring, the wasit may even decide to end the fight and proclaim pesilat opponent
the winner. There are three rounds of fighting, 2 minutes for every round, with
1 minute rest between each round.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,
Singapore and Laos is the team that are selected to be the sample or subject.
The data analysis has been collected from 28th SEA Games Singapore
2015 women semifinal Class B between Singapore and Laos, women quarterfinal
Class C between Singapore and Indonesia, women quarterfinal Class D between
Singapore and Thailand, women semifinal Class D between Malaysia and Singapore
and women final class D between Malaysia and Vietnam by using the Sport Singapore YouTube Channel. The
winning and losing participant will be classified and the game-related
statistics were collected. Data collected was hit target, hit elsewhere and
miss target. By watching these videos, the matches have been used
to notated and analyzed in this study.
Every
match consists of three (3) rounds in total of fighting. Two (2) minutes for
every round, with 1 minute rest between each round. The outcome used is hit
target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent. Hit target will be counted if the kick
and topple is made hit the body pad or target. Hit elsewhere if the kick and
topple is made hit the other part of body that not hit the target or body pad.
Meanwhile the miss opponent will be counted when the kick or topple is made did
not hit the opponent.
MATCH ANALYSIS
The video were used to analyze the 28th
SEA Games Singapore 2015 women semifinal Class B between Singapore and Laos,
women quarterfinal Class C between Singapore and Indonesia, women quarterfinal
Class D between Singapore and Thailand, women semifinal Class D between
Malaysia and Singapore and women final class D between Malaysia and Vietnam.
Performance of the player was analyzed using a notational analysis which is all
indicators were recorded manually through the video. The video were continual
often to get the precise measurement of each offensive and defensive movement.
MOTION CATEGORIES
According
to Shapie, M. et al. (2013), Silat exponent’s
motions were coded into 14 different types of categories and were defined as
follows:
Punch:
The
punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with closed fist hitting the target. In
silat, punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch
‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to exponent body’s (Anuar, 1992).
Kick:
The
kick ‘tendang’ or ‘terajang’ is an ataacking movement which is performed with
one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can
be front kick ‘tendang depan’, side kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘
tendang lengkar’(Anuar, 1992).
Block:
The
blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent
stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking
or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the
purpose to block off or striking back at any attack (Anuar, 1992).
Catch:
The
catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from
carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from
being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction.
A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which
could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also
forbidden. These regulations exit to protect the silat exponent’s (Anuar, 1992).
Topple:
There
are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent
‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bad or from
the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his
balance. Every falls is considered valid as long as the sila exponent topples
his opponent down without wresting or he is able to overpower the opponent whom
he has brought down (Anuar, 1992).
Sweep:
Swiping
‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which is on the ground to
unstable him and brings down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this
attacking movement either with his right or left leg. Hence, front sweep
‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s
leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg
backward to hit the back leg (Anuar, 1992).
Evade/Dodge:
The
evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to
evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch
the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his
defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the
side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’ ducking ‘susup’ and
etc. (Anuar, 1992).
Self-Release:
Self-release
‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from
an opponent (Anuar, 1993)
Block
and Punch:
The
blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent
and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block
and Kick:
The
blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent
and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
Block
and Sweep:
The
blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent
and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).
Fake
Punch:
An
action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake
punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
Fake
Kick:
An
action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick
to break his opponent defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).
All
the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that
time both silat exponents are in low intensity periods.
RELIABILITY OF OBSERVATION
The
author analyzed all the activities and simultaneously classified each changes
of motion in a single match. Two observations were done separated by 48 hours.
It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyze the data as the movement
of both exponents was fast, needing close inspection. The classification of
movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction
given by the referee.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The
observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in
observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly
defined behavior within a certain time frame. All the raw data collected from
all matches use the system produced by Shapie, M. M., Oliver, O’donoghue, and Tong (2013). Statistical
analysis and result was calculated using Statistical Package for Social
Scientists (SPSS) version 20. Independent T-Test was used to determine the
performance data between winner and loser. The video is notated at least two
times, and the data will be taken more accurate. The frequency was taken as
data to be analyzed. The remark generated data will be regularity counted, and
every round of data will be composed to be analyzed. All the raw data were
exported into Microsoft Word and transferred into SPSS for further detailed
analysis. Mean and standard deviation (SD) for all the markers has been
computed to locate the measurable factors that separated winning and losing
individual.
RESULT
Table
below are shown the data that collected from watching the video and the
analysis that taken out the mean and standard deviation selected performance
indicator. The outcomes used are hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent.
Table 1: Silat
Olahraga Women’s Tanding class C 60kg category quarterfinals Singapore vs
Indonesia (Indonesia Win). Nurul Shafiqah (SIN) vs Wewey Wita (INA)
Action
|
Hit Target
|
Hit Elsewhere
|
Miss Target
|
Total
|
|||
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
||
Block & Punch
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
8
|
||
Block & Kick
|
5
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
12
|
||
Block & Sweep
|
|||||||
Block
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
|||
Kick
|
11
|
9
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
3
|
30
|
Fake Kick
|
|||||||
Punch
|
1
|
5
|
6
|
||||
Fake Punch
|
|||||||
Topple
|
2
|
2
|
|||||
Catch
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
7
|
|||
Dodge
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
||||
Sweep
|
4
|
1
|
5
|
||||
Self-Release
|
1
|
1
|
|||||
Total
|
20
|
18
|
12
|
10
|
10
|
7
|
77
|
154
|
|||||||
Table 2: Silat olahraga
Women’s class D 65kg category semifinal Singapore vs Malaysia (Malaysia
Win) Siti
Suhaila Mohammed Saiful (SIN) vs Siti
Rahmah Mohamed Nasir (MAS)
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss Opponent
|
Total
|
|||||
Country
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Block
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
Block and kick
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
3
|
Block and Punch
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
4
|
Block and Sweep
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Kick
|
14
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
16
|
4
|
Fake Kick
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Punch
|
11
|
6
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
13
|
6
|
Fake Punch
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Self-Release
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Topple
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
6
|
3
|
Sweep
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Catch
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Dodge
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Other
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Total
|
33
|
14
|
5
|
5
|
12
|
7
|
51
|
32
|
Table 3: Final Women’s Class D 65 KG Vietnam vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)
Thi Yen Nguyen (VIE) vs Siti Rahmah
Mohamed Nasir (MAS)
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss Opponent
|
Total
|
|||||
Country
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Block
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
7
|
7
|
Block and kick
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
||
Block and Punch
|
||||||||
Block and Sweep
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
|||
Kick
|
10
|
13
|
15
|
10
|
6
|
9
|
31
|
32
|
Fake Kick
|
2
|
2
|
||||||
Punch
|
4
|
5
|
12
|
7
|
3
|
16
|
15
|
|
Fake Punch
|
||||||||
Self-Release
|
1
|
5
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
6
|
7
|
|
Topple
|
1
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
6
|
|||
Sweep
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
||||
Catch
|
5
|
1
|
6
|
10
|
11
|
11
|
||
Dodge
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
|||||
Other
|
||||||||
Total
|
18
|
24
|
54
|
23
|
20
|
39
|
92
|
86
|
Table
4: Silat Olahraga
Women’s Tanding class D 65kg category quarterfinals
Singapore vs Thailand (Singapore Win)
Action
|
SINGAPORE
|
THAILAND
|
|||||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss Opponent
|
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss Opponent
|
Total
|
|
Block
and Kick
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
Block
and Punch
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
10
|
Block
and Sweep
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
Kick
|
4
|
14
|
3
|
12
|
11
|
11
|
55
|
Fake
kick
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Punch
|
1
|
19
|
0
|
1
|
5
|
2
|
28
|
Fake
punch
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Self-release
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Topple
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
7
|
Sweep
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
Catch
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
6
|
Dodge
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Total
|
7
|
43
|
15
|
23
|
20
|
19
|
127
|
Table 5: Women Class B Semi Final between Laos (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)
Action
|
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Total
|
|||
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
Winner
|
Loser
|
||
Block
& Punch
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
4
|
Block
& Kick
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
9
|
Block
& Sweep
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
Block
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Kick
|
14
|
20
|
18
|
9
|
16
|
5
|
82
|
Fake
Kick
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
Punch
|
7
|
16
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
25
|
Fake
Punch
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Topple
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
7
|
Catch
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
9
|
Dodge
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Sweep
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
14
|
Self-Release
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
Total
|
32
|
40
|
27
|
17
|
31
|
17
|
164
|
328
|
|||||||
FREQUENCY OF TABLES
Match 1: Singapore
vs Indonesia (Indonesia Win).
Nurul
Shafiqah (SIN) vs Wewey Wita (INA)
Exponent
|
Kick
|
Punch
|
Sweep
|
Topple
|
Total
|
Winner
|
15
|
1
|
5
|
2
|
22
|
Loser
|
15
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
20
|
Total
|
30
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
43
|
Match
2: Singapore
vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)
Siti Suhaila Mohammed
Saiful (SIN) vs Siti Rahmah Mohamed Nasir (MAS)
SWEEP
|
|||||
MALAYSIA
|
0
|
16
|
13
|
6
|
35
|
SINGAPORE
|
1
|
4
|
6
|
3
|
14
|
TOTAL
|
1
|
20
|
19
|
9
|
49
|
Match 3: Vietnam vs Malaysia (Malaysia Win)
Thi Yen Nguyen (VIE) vs Siti Rahmah Mohamed Nasir (MAS)
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
WINNER
|
16
|
31
|
5
|
2
|
54
|
LOSER
|
15
|
32
|
6
|
1
|
54
|
Total
|
31
|
63
|
11
|
3
|
108
|
Match 4: Singapore vs Thailand (Singapore Win)
Exponent
|
Sweep
|
Kick
|
Punch
|
Topple
|
Total
|
Singapore
|
3
|
21
|
20
|
4
|
48
|
Thailand
|
2
|
34
|
8
|
3
|
47
|
Total
|
5
|
55
|
28
|
7
|
95
|
Match 5: Women Class B Semi Final between
Laos (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)
Sweep
|
|||||
Winner
|
6
|
48
|
8
|
3
|
65
|
Loser
|
8
|
34
|
17
|
4
|
63
|
Total
|
14
|
82
|
25
|
7
|
128
|
DISCUSSION
Based
on the data collected and result, the match between Singapore
vs Indonesia was winning by Wewey Wita from Indonesia. What
can I observed from the video was Indonesia did more attacking than Singapore.
As we can see from the result, Indonesia makes 11 kick hit target, 1 punch hit
target and 5 block and kick hit target. As we can saw the sampled paired test
at the table above show, there were totally different in hit target between
Indonesia and Singapore. This observation can saw that Indonesia attack more
than Singapore. Singapore gives more opportunity to Indonesia to make more
attacking during match.
The match of Singapore vs
Malaysia class D 65kg category which Singapore lose this match, what can I
observed from the video is Malaysia do more attacking than Singapore. As we can
see from the result, Singapore makes only 6 times punch hit target, 4 times
kick hit target and 3 times topple toward her opponent. As we can see the
sample paired test at the table above show, there are totally different between
winning and losing. Singapore gives more opportunity to Malaysia to make more
attacking during match. In first round, Malaysia do 5 times strike kicking
towards Singapore and it show that Singapore slower than Malaysia in make
movement and attack towards her opponent and also not even once give an
opportunity towards Singapore to make some movement. Malaysia makes 13 times
punch hit target and 16 times kick hit target and 6 times topple towards her
opponent for the whole match.
The
match of Vietnam vs Malaysia recorded, the 4th table Vietnam has the mean of 1.86
and Malaysia is 1.88 a little bit higher than Malaysia. All the result shown
that, higher means lost the game. In summary, Vietnam athletes have been chosen
to see the factor of losing and winning in analyzing their motion category that
they used. The mistake that Vietnam did is less self-release. They focus so
much on punching and kicking that the Malaysia have been waiting to catch and
straight down to swept the Vietnam athlete. Vietnam frequently using kicking on
hit target but weak in defending and lack of self-release skill that they
easily got toppled by Malaysia athlete.
From the match result Singapore vs Laos class
B 55kg category which Laos is winning this match, Laos is more used kicking
skill than Singapore. That is why Laos get more point. Furthermore, Laos do
less mistake that can deduct her point than Singapore. Besides kicking, Laos
also do more block and kicking hit target to her opponent. Singapore also do
more skill such as kicking and punching hit target but at the same time, Singapore
do lot of mistake that deduct her point and finally got less point because of
her mistakes. This is one of the different between winning and losing in silat
olahraga. Competitor must wise to make strategy plan and technique during
match.
CONCLUSION
Based on the previous
study, punch hit target, kick hit target, sweep and topple skill was mostly used
for winning and losing team. The current study has provided a great
understanding of the information for the activity profile of silat by looking
at the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more
high intensity actions than low intensity actions.
Based on the observation, the winning team used a lot of technique or
skill that involve the higher point such as topple down and sweep. The
competitor should improve their skill especially on topple and sweep. Besides,
all the four video matches that I observed and what can I saw the weakness are
the competitor had lack of speed and power on kicking, punching, topple down
and sweep. They should improve their fitness level especially on speed and
power to make better movement and very fast during match. If an athlete is able
to increase the effectiveness of mass of their training skills, they will
produce a great momentum of their skills during competition. Overall, there are
4 video matches that I got and observed from the YouTube and all this video are
not same category. There are 3 categories from this 4 video which are category
class B, C and D. From all the video that I observed, Singapore just winning 1
game and another 3 matches are losing. All the matches had shown the result and
also shown the different result between winning and losing at above.
Silat olahraga is the native martial art and
very famous Malay sport in. This sport expose very well in Malaysia and many
folks want to involve this sport. This sport involves high intensity in fitness
level especially in speed and power. All the competitor should improve and
develop more fitness level especially in speed and power if want to be more
expert athlete in silat olahraga.
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that both
attacking and defensive skills should be balanced in their training programs.
Attacks must be hit target to get the points, but at the same time they have to
increase their blocking in order to avoid the opponents to get their points.
Coaches must plays the important role and consider these things. Based on the
result, the main factor to win the match is punching hit target, because it
give opportunity to punch their opponent as much as they can to get one point
for one punch. Meanwhile, the participant should reduce the punch hit elsewhere
because no point given for that punch. For the sweep skill, in order to
decrease missed target, the fighter need to focus, in good position and try to
estimate opponent’s next movement. Topple that hit the target is so important
because it gives extra points. So, the recommendation here is the fighter must
keep improve their technical and tactical and maintaining the fitness in order
to win the match.
REFERENCES
Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's
Class B Semi-Final Singapore vs. Laos; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved
at November 4, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38l1L7K_Bf0
Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class C
Quarter-Final Singapore vs Indonesia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved
at Novermber 22, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euphyjgyOD4
Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class D
Final Vietnam vs Malaysia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at December
3, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8znlq-xjOzc&t=30s
Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Women's Class D
Semi-Final Singapore vs Malaysia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at
December 4, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KabRtORJHh0&t=52s
Aziz, A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological
responses during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal
of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.
Kartomi, M. (2011). Traditional and
modern forms of pencak silat in indonesia: The suku mamak in riau. Musicology
Australia, 33(1), 47-68. doi: 10.1080/08145857.2011.580716
Seneviratne,
P. (1993). Golden moments: The sea games 1959-1991: P. Seneviratne.
Shamsuddin,
S. (2005). The malay art of self-defense: Silat seni gayong: North Atlantic
Books.
Shapie,
M. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile
during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and
Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.
Shapie,
M. N. M. (2011). Influence of age and maturation on fitness development,
trainability and competitive performance in youth silat. Cardiff Metropolitan
University.
Shapie,
M. N. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile
during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and
Martial Arts, 4(1), 75-79.
Wilson,
I. D. (2003). The politics of inner power: The practice of pencak silat in west
java. Murdoch University.
Wilson,
L. (2009). Jurus, jazz riffs and the constitution of a national martial art in
indonesia. Body & Society, 15(3), 93-119. doi: 10.1177/1357034X09339103
Anuar AW. Teknik dalam seni silat
melayu [In Malay] (Technique in Silat Melayu). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka; 1992.
APPENDICES
Table1:
Statistic Singapore vs Indonesia, Nurul Shafiqah (SIN) vs Wewey Wita(IND)
Indonesia
won the match
Statistics
|
||
Winner
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
21
|
Missing
|
1
|
|
Mean
|
1.71
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.240
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
1.102
|
|
Statistics
|
||
Loser
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
20
|
Missing
|
2
|
|
Mean
|
1.25
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.099
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
.444
|
|
Table
2: Singapore vs Malaysia (Malaysia win)
Siti
Suhaila Mohammed Saiful (SIN) vs Siti
Rahmah Mohamed Nasir (MAS)
Statistics
|
||
MALAYSIA
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
37
|
Missing
|
0
|
|
Mean
|
1.9189
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.17058
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
1.03758
|
|
Statistics
| ||
SINGAPORE
| ||
N
|
Valid
|
14
|
Missing
|
23
| |
Mean
|
2.21
| |
Std. Error of Mean
|
.300
| |
Std. Deviation
|
1.122
| |
Match 3: Vietnam vs Malaysia
(Malaysia Win)
Statistics
|
||
MAS
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
52
|
Missing
|
4
|
|
Mean
|
1.88
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.101
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
.732
|
|
Statistics
|
||
VIE
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
56
|
Missing
|
0
|
|
Mean
|
1.86
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.090
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
.672
|
|
Match 4: Singapore
vs Thailand (Singapore Win)
Statistics
|
||
THAILAND
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
46
|
Missing
|
2
|
|
Mean
|
1.46
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.127
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
.862
|
|
Statistics
|
||
SINGAPORE
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
48
|
Missing
|
0
|
|
Mean
|
1.79
|
|
Std. Error of Mean
|
.130
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
.898
|
|
Match 5: Laos (Winner) and Singapore (Loser)
Statistics
|
||
WINNER
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
65
|
Missing
|
0
|
|
Mean
|
2.1231
|
|
Std.
Error of Mean
|
.07755
|
|
Std. Deviation
|
.62519
|
|
Statistics
|
||
LOSER
|
||
N
|
Valid
|
63
|
Missing
|
2
|
|
Mean
|
2.2698
|
|
Std.
Error of Mean
|
.09655
|
|
Std.
Deviation
|
.76636
|
|
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